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An extensive assessment of ambient air quality near a medical waste incineration (MWI) facility in Johannesburg, South Africa, was conducted, focusing on the gas-particle phase partitioning and the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs).It was found that highly chlorinated congeners, specifically hexa-to octa-chlorinated, predominate in the particulate phase, while tetra-and penta-chlorinated isomers were predominantly observed in the gas phase.The concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs in ambient air ranged from 8.3 to 108.36 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m³ , ΣPCBs from 4.43 to 6.06 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m³, and ΣPCDD/Fs in soil from 59.17 to 106.05 pg WHO-TEQ/g.Seasonal variations were marked, with peak concentrations typically occurring in winter and the lowest in summer.Globally, despite a decreasing trend, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in South Africa remain higher than those reported in other regions.The study further revealed that the daily inhalation intakes of PCDD/F emissions by the local population exceeded the recommended tolerable daily intake levels, underscoring the need for a comprehensive risk assessment that considers all exposure pathways to fully evaluate potential health risks for residents living near the incineration facility.
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