Effects of carboxylated nanodiamonds on macrophages during and after differentiation

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Abstract Background: Nanodiamonds (ND) have attracted significant interest for use in several biomedical applications. These applications can be very useful if safety and compatibility of ND have been proved. Results: We assessed the effects of ND (100 nm, Carboxylated) on primary macrophages and a macrophage-like cell line and found that these particles are not toxic to these cells at the lower concentrations, but they may interfere with cell’s functions and differentiation. Internalization of ND by these cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner were mostly via phagocytosis and clathrin-dependent endocytosis and localized to the cytoplasm but not into the nucleus. No significant induction of inflammatory cytokines and no reduction in the ability of these cells to respond to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were noted. However, the endocytic activity of these cells was significantly reduced. In addition, ND exposure reduced the ability of differentiating bone marrow cells to express macrophage surface markers. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ND are not cytotoxic to macrophages at the tested concentrations, but they can interfere with macrophage functions and differentiation.

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