Etiologic diagnosis and antimicrobial resistance pattern of nosocomial infection in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia

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Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance in the pediatric population is emerging and becoming a global threat. Data from the WHO found that infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria were found to have a higher death rate across all ages. This study assesses nosocomial infection's etiologic cause and antimicrobial resistance pattern in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Result Forty-five (20.2%) patients admitted to pediatric ICU acquired nosocomial infection (NI). The median age of the patients was one year (IQR 0.5–5.5), with an M: F ratio of 1:1.4. Etiology diagnosis was confirmed in 21 (42.9%) patients. Gram-negative bacteria were the major contributor to NI. Klebsiella pneumonia was the most common isolate, accounting for 34.6%, followed by Acinetobacter (19.2%), Staphylococcus species (11.5%), and Escherichia coli (11.5%). Third-generation cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime) had a 100% resistance against all organisms tested. About 96% of the pathogens had a multidrug-resistant pattern. Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) staphylococcus aureus was also identified in one patient. Conclusion The findings of the study revealed that nearly all bacterial isolates demonstrated a multidrug resistance pattern, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, despite the delay in administering appropriate therapy. Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant organisms identified.

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