Daflon and Centrum mitigate vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammation

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Background: Vancomycin (VM) is widely used for treating life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria resistant to other antibiotics. However, its nephrotoxic effects limit clinical use. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Daflon (DF) and Centrum (CE) against VM-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Methods: Fifty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 (negative control) received saline intraperitoneally (IP) for 7 days followed by oral distilled water for 7 days. Group 2 (positive control) received VM (400 mg/kg BW, IP) for 7 days. Group 3 received VM for 7 days followed by DF (100 mg/kg BW, oral) for 7 days. Group 4 received VM for 7 days followed by CE (15 mg/kg BW, oral) for 7 days. Group 5 received VM for 7 days followed by combined DF and CE treatment for 7 days. Blood and kidney samples were collected for hematological, biochemical, molecular, comet assay, and histopathological evaluations. Results: expression, which were markedly downregulated by DF and CE. Conclusion: DF and CE attenuated VM-induced nephrotoxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and DNA-protective mechanisms. Their combination provided superior renal protection by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, while enhancing antioxidant defenses and DNA repair capacity.

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