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Tuberculosis preventive therapy in postpartum women with HIV modifies M. tuberculosis-specific and nonspecific immune responses

Article scientifique 2026 Anglais

Résumé

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) has significant morbidity in pregnant and postpartum women with HIV (pregnant and PPWWHIV). TB preventive therapy (TPT) is recommended in pregnant and PPWWHIV with documented or presumed latent TB infection (LTBI). TB-stimulated IFNγ release assay and skin test positivity decline after TPT, but the underlying mechanisms and relationship with TB-specific immunologic memory are incompletely understood. We investigated this aspect in PPWWHIV. Methods: PPWWHIV with LTBI received isoniazid TPT between 12 and 40 weeks postpartum. Blood obtained at 12 and 44 weeks postpartum was used to compare functional and phenotypic characteristics of unstimulated and TB-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ conventional T cells (Tconv); unconventional T cells, including γδ, iNKT, MR1+ and MR1- MAIT, and NKT; NK; and antigen presenting cells (APC) pre- and post-TPT. Results: with an increase in functional markers. TPT was associated with a pronounced decrease in the proportions of granzyme B-expressing Tconv and unconventional T cell subsets both in TB-stimulated and unstimulated conditions. TB-stimulated Th1- and Th17-like responses in unconventional T cells also decreased from pre- to post-TPT. TB-stimulated conventional and unconventional regulatory T cells mostly decreased after TPT with a few exceptions. Very few changes were observed in circulating or TB-stimulated APC in response to TPT. Conclusions: TPT was associated with a significant decrease in TB-specific T cell responses, including Tconv but mostly unconventional T cells, suggesting an important role of unconventional T cell memory in the control of TB infection. The prominent decrease of granzyme B-expressing T cells in response to TPT highlighted the importance of granzyme B in the maintenance of LTBI.

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Yengkhom, D., Montepiedra, G., Masheto, G., Wabwire, D., Stranix‐Chibanda, L., Matubu, A., Violari, A., Theron, G., Gupta, A., Weinberg, A. (2026). Tuberculosis preventive therapy in postpartum women with HIV modifies M. tuberculosis-specific and nonspecific immune responses. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1722621

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Auteur(s)

Damayanti Yengkhom Grace Montepiedra Gaerolwe Masheto Deo Wabwire Lynda Stranix‐Chibanda Allen Matubu Avy Violari Gerhard Theron Amita Gupta Adriana Weinberg

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