A Contribution Towards a Holistic Control Approach for Energy Management in Distributed DC Microgrid Systems

Résumé

This thesis project is part of developing practical solutions for energy autonomy in isolated rural areas, based on DC microgrids operated via renewable energy sources and energy storage devices and driven by advanced control strategies. The challenge is to guarantee a reliable, economical and resilient local supply, while reducing reliance on conventional electric grids. The first part of this research work explores energy issues in rural areas of Morocco and Africa, while considering territorial, agricultural and social backgrounds. It highlights the relevance of decentralized microgrids as a sustainable solution, by analyzing their architectures, essential components and the most appropriate control approaches. In technical terms, a centralized hierarchical strategy is designed to coordinate multiple energy storage devices - such as supercapacitors, batteries and fuel cells - installed in close proximity. This approach ensures precise regulation of the DC bus voltage, efficient power distribution according to the specific dynamics of each technology, and effective control of the state of charge. The proposed strategy is validated both by simulation and experimentally using a test bench. The study then turns to a distributed architecture in which the generators are remote and require local coordination. A cooperative and distributed control approach, based on limited exchange of information between neighboring units, is introduced, this approach ensures proportional sharing of currents, robust regulation of the average voltage, and resilience in the face of disturbances, interruptions or communication delays. Finally, an energy management layer is developed to coordinate exchanges between several interconnected microgrids. A predictive method based on Predictive Functional Control (PFC) is used to anticipate load and production profiles. A cooperative exchange algorithm is implemented to distribute energy surpluses and deficits according to criteria, such as local consumption and battery state of charge using PV solar panels. Simulation results confirm the system's ability to optimize energy flows while maintaining the autonomy of local units. Therefore, this thesis leads to a comprehensive contribution to the design of distributed DC microgrids, combining centralized and cooperative control approaches, with potential application in isolated areas (e.g., isolated farms) seeking sustainable energy independence.

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