Modelling on Comprehensive Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Status using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Water Quality Index (WQI) in case of Bahir Dar City, Amhara, Ethiopia

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Abstract Groundwater is the most important natural resource, and many people throughout the world rely on it for drinking, particularly in rural areas. The evaluation of groundwater quality is necessary for the long-term usage of these resources. The purpose of this study is to examine and simulate the groundwater quality status in Bahir Dar in order to determine whether the water is suitable for the designated (drinking) use. During the dry (January, February, and March) and wet (June, July, and August) seasons of 2019, twelve groundwater samples were taken at monthly intervals from open and tube shallow wells for extensive physico-chemical and bacteriological examination. The primary objectives of this study were to (1) analyse an overview of current groundwater quality, (2) to look at the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters as pH, turbidity, EC, TDS, chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO4− 3), total hardness, and E. coli, and (3) to map the area's groundwater quality map. The groundwater quality parameters were modelled using ArcGIS v10.1 software and the inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation technique. The final geographic modelling revealed that the city's core area had the poorest groundwater quality. The water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical model that depicts the level of water quality. According to the WQI results, 41.67% of groundwater samples have low groundwater quality, 33.33% of groundwater samples have extremely poor groundwater quality, and 25% of samples are unsafe for drinking. Anthropogenic activities have generally damaged the quality of groundwater in the area, necessitating immediate mitigating actions.

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