Heterogeneous impacts of rainwater harvesting systems on income and food outcomes in northern Ghana
Résumé
Introduction Rainfed agriculture remains the dominant source of livelihood for smallholders in northern Ghana yet increasing rainfall variability and recurrent dry spells continue to undermine farm income (FI), food self-sufficiency (FSS), and food security. Ex-situ rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) are promoted as climate adaptation technologies, but the evidence on heterogeneous impacts remains scant. This study estimates the impact of ex-situ RWHS—distinguishing between the impact of conventional and emerging RWHS—on FI, FSS, and food security. Methods Based on two rounds of household panel data combined with geospatial data on temperature, rainfall, infrastructure, and input prices, the analysis applies Switching Regression for Multinomial Treatment and Multinomial Endogenous Treatment models that address the presence of endogenous technology adoption. Robustness is checked by using multinomial propensity score weighting and augmented inverse probability weighting estimators. Results and discussion Results indicate that RWHS enhances FI, FSS, and food security. Compared to conventional RWHS, emerging RWHS generates larger and more robust impacts. These findings underline the need for differentiation in RWHS when designing water management policies aimed at enhancing food security in semi-arid regions.
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