Navigating transdisciplinary waters to protect both sharks and bathers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: diverse stakeholders propose potential actions

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In human–wildlife conflicts, stakeholders have varied perspectives, and improving mutual understanding of these perspectives may improve conservation outcomes. Positive outcomes are more likely if scientists work in the research-implementation space, embedding themselves in collaborative social and decision-making processes. We aimed to do this in the bather–shark conflict in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, where lethal methods are used to reduce the risk of shark bites. We created a social learning platform and invited 44 stakeholders whose work intersects with this conflict to develop a mutual understanding of the issues and consider a way forward to reduce the impact on sharks without compromising bather safety. We investigated who would use the platform, why, and what they found beneficial, while describing next steps suggested by transdisciplinary stakeholders from science, policy, and management. We found high levels of interest, motivated by a desire to see change and explore management options, and an appreciation of collective intent. Stakeholders recommended (i) collaborating (initiating a working group and working closely with decision makers, especially champions); (ii) using what already exists (collating information, leveraging existing legislation, tapping into existing programs, aligning with government frameworks); and (iii) weighing up costs and benefits (analyzing site-specific circumstances, evaluating multiple alternatives, and exploring different funding models). These recommendations offer transferable lessons for addressing human–wildlife conflicts in other regions, where building trust and co-developing locally appropriate solutions remain key challenges. Although these recommendations support others managing human–wildlife conflicts, we highlight that much of their value lay in forging tighter stakeholder links, sharing diverse views, and witnessing the willingness to work and learn together. The next steps require further collaborative transdisciplinary learning to find mutually acceptable solutions that allow both sharks and people to swim safely. By demonstrating a participatory approach that balances safety and conservation goals, this work contributes to global efforts to manage human–wildlife conflict more sustainably.

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