Impact of industrial wastewater on the microbiome and resistome of waterbodies: a systematic review

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Background Industrial wastewater significantly affects the microbiome and resistome of aquatic ecosystems, posing environmental and public health risks through the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Methods This study systematically reviewed the influence of industrial effluents on microbial community structure and ARG prevalence in receiving water bodies. Results Our findings revealed that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominate polluted environments, with beta-lactamases, macrolides, and sulfonamide resistance genes that are frequently detected. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including integrons and plasmids, are critical drivers of ARG horizontal gene transfer. The limited efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in removing ARGs highlights the urgent need for advanced treatment technologies. Comparisons with the existing literature reinforce the role of industrial activities in exacerbating ARG risks and disrupting microbial diversity. Mitigation strategies including stringent regulatory frameworks, advanced filtration methods, and a one-health approach are recommended to address these challenges. Conclusion This study emphasizes the urgent need for interdisciplinary collaboration and targeted interventions to safeguard environmental and public health from the impacts of industrial wastewater pollution.

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