Anti-Cryptosporidium parvum activity of Artemisia judaica L. and its fractions: in vitro and in vivo assays

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Background This study investigates the toxic activity ofArtemisia judaicaethanolic extract (ArEx) as well as its phenolic fraction (ArPh), and terpenoid fraction (ArT) againstCryptosporidium parvum(C. parvum) oocysts. Methods Over a 4 months period, estimation of the total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and total terpenoids contents (TTC) in ArEx; investigation of thein vitroantioxidant activity of ArEx, ArPh, and ArT; evaluation of ArEx, ArPh, and ArT toxic activity againstC. parvumoocysts using MTT assay; parasitological analysis on ArPh-treatedC. parvumoocysts and comet assay were performed bothin vitroandin vivo(infectivity). Results The ArEx TPC, TFC, and TTC was 52.6 ± 3.1 mgGAE/g, 64.5 ± 3.1 mg QE/g, and 9.5 ± 1.1 mg Linol/g, respectively. Regarding the phytochemicalin vitroantioxidant activity, the ArPh exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to the ArEx and ArT. The ArPh showed promising free radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS•+with IC50values of 47.27 ± 1.86 μg/mL and 66.89 ± 1.94 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the FRAP of ArPh was 2.97 ± 0.65 mMol Fe+2/g while its TAC was 46.23 ± 3.15 mg GAE/g. The ArPh demonstrated toxic activity againstC. parvumoocysts with a potent IC50value of 31.6 μg/mL compared to ArT (promising) and ArEx (non-effective). ArPh parasitological analysis demonstrated MIC90at 1000 μg/ml and effective oocysts destruction on count and morphology. ArPh fragmented oocysts nuclear DNA in comet assay. Beginning at 200 μg/mL, ArPh-treated oocysts did not infect mice. Conclusion To combatC. parvuminfection, the phenolic fraction ofA. judaicaL. shows promise as an adjuvant therapy or as a source of potentially useful lead structures for drug discovery.

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