Climate Change and Emerging Microbial Infections in Nigerian Public Health Systems

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Climate change represents a profound and escalating threat to global health, with its impacts disproportionately affecting regions with vulnerable public health infrastructures, such as Nigeria. This paper examines the critical nexus between climate change and the emergence and spread of microbial infections within Nigeria’s public health systems. It explores how climatic drivers, including rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events, are reshaping the ecological niches of pathogens, vectors, and reservoirs. These changes facilitate the geographic expansion of diseases like malaria, dengue, Lassa fever, and cholera, while also potentially fostering antimicrobial resistance and novel pathogen emergence. The analysis highlights the compounding effects of existing socio-economic and health system challenges, including limited surveillance capacity, inadequate water and sanitation services, and insufficient healthcare resources. By synthesizing current evidence and case studies, this paper argues for an urgent, integrated One Health approach that links environmental, animal, and human health monitoring. It concludes with key recommendations for strengthening Nigeria’s public health preparedness, including enhanced surveillance, climate-informed predictive modeling, infrastructural resilience, and cross-sectoral policy frameworks, to mitigate the growing burden of climate-sensitive microbial infections.

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