A Comprehensive Review of Policy Frameworks for Microbial Research and Development in Nigeria's Public Sector

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Nigeria faces significant challenges in microbial food safety and antimicrobial resistance, creating a public health crisis with substantial economic consequences. This review examines Nigeria's policy landscape governing microbial research and control within its public sector institutions. The analysis reveals a system characterized by fragmented legislation, inadequate scientific infrastructure, and significant gaps between policy formulation and implementation. Despite recent efforts such as the National Policy on Food Safety and Quality Implementation Plan (NPFSQIP) and National Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), systemic challenges persist. Critical findings indicate that 87.5% of existing food safety laws are antiquated, with the foundational Food and Drug Act originating in 1974. The One Health approach, while conceptually embraced, faces operationalization challenges. Scientific capacity remains limited, particularly in predictive microbiology and rapid diagnostics. The informal food sector, which dominates food distribution, operates largely outside regulatory frameworks. This review argues that comprehensive reform integrating legislative modernization, institutional coordination, and substantial investment in scientific infrastructure is essential to address Nigeria's microbial safety challenges.

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