The role of improved seed variety and information access in moderating the effect of cluster farming on climate resilience: a global meta-analysis with a focus on Ethiopia
Résumé
Climate change increasingly threatens rain-fed agriculture in developing countries like Ethiopia. Cluster farming has emerged as a potential strategy to enhance smallholder resilience; however, existing evidence remains fragmented. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 peer-reviewed studies (2000–2025), including eight from Ethiopia. Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs). Subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and publication bias assessments were performed. Cluster farming had a significant positive effect on climate resilience [pooled SMD = 0.55 (95% CI: 0.48–0.62), p < 0.001]. Heterogeneity was substantial (I 2 = 63.86%) but fully explained by outcome measurement type. Composite resilience indices showed the largest effects (SMD = 0.74), followed by practice counts (SMD 0.52) and binary outcomes (SMD = 0.51). Meta-regression analysis revealed that neither information access (coef. =0.2819, p = 0.722), nor access to improved seed (coef. = 0.0384, p = 0.502) were statistically significant moderators. Cluster farming significantly enhances smallholder climate resilience, and the benefits appear consistent across different levels of information access and seed quality. Policymakers should promote integrated resilience measurement and contextualize interventions based on local infrastructure and extension capabilities.
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