The Effect of Specific Antibiotic Subtypes on The Development of Childhood Disease

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Abstract Our study examines the relationship between antibiotic subtype, spectrum, and timing on the development of subsequent childhood disease. Our findings contribute to current knowledge on the effects of microbiome disruption by highlighting significant associations between antibiotic usage and the development of eczema and obesity. Notably, only eczema was linked to antibiotic use within the first year of life. When examining specific antibiotic subtypes, we discovered that broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, clindamycin) were associated with diseases in first-year-of-life and lifetime exposure groups. We suggest that broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt the developing gut microbiome, making children more susceptible to disease development and atopy. For instance, clindamycin use within the first year of life was significantly associated with eczema (OR = 4.21, p < 0.002, C.I = 1.92–9.1), and amoxicillin-clavulanate use correlated with asthma (OR = 1.97, p < 0.002, C.I = 1.31–2.93). In conclusion, this study emphasizes the significance of considering the antibiotic spectrum and its impact on the developing gut microbiome when studying antibiotic-disease relationships. Future research should further explore these complex mechanisms and guide more judicious antibiotic prescribing practices, especially during early childhood, to mitigate potential risks associated with antibiotic use.

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