Multitrophic effects: A tale of microbiome shifts in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis and its parasitoids

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Abstract Background Koinobiont endoparasitoids regulate the physiological functioning of their hosts through altering metabolism and immune responses, processes which function in tandem to shape the structure and composition of the microbial communities of these hosts. Here we investigated the hypothesis that parasitisation by the virulent Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and the avirulent Pystallia cosyrae induce gut dysbiosis and differentially alter the gut microbial communities of an important horticultural pest, the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. Consequently, we employed 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing to investigate the effect of parasitisation on the bacterial and fungal communities of B. dorsalis, respectively. We further investigated the bacterial communities of D. longicaudata and P. cosyrae using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results Exposure to both parasitoids induced perturbations in the microbial communities of B. dorsalis. The gut bacteriome of B. dorsalis larvae shifted from an Anoxybacillus, Acetobacter and Acinetobacter dominated community to one dominated by the generaMorganella, Stenotrophomonas, Weissella and Pantoea. These effects were especially more pronounced in the D. longicaudata-parasitised larvae compared to those parasitized by P. cosyrae. The diversity and abundance of the fungal community was negatively influenced by parasitisation with an overall reduction in fungi diversity, richness, and evenness. We found an increase in the abundance of Sacchromyces species in larvae parasitized by both wasps compared to the unparasitised controls. On the other hand, the bacterial communities of both parasitoids were less diverse. Arsenophonus nasoniaewas the dominant bacterium in P. cosyrae whereas Paucibacter and Pseudomonas species dominated the bacteriome of D. longicaudata. Conclusion This study presents the first report of the microbial communities of D. longicaudata and P. cosyrae as well as parasitism-induced gut perturbations in B. dorsalis, revealing host gut homeostasis as a possible driver of parasitoid virulence in this invasive pest.

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