Comprehensive Review of Microbial Disease Prevention Policies in Nigerian Public Health Systems

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Microbial disease prevention in Nigeria operates within a complex and challenging ecosystem defined by a high burden of endemic and epidemic-prone diseases, systemic health system weaknesses, and a disproportionate impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This article review provides a critical analysis of the policies, institutions, strategies, and outcomes shaping this domain from 2021 to 2025. It examines the central role of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) in outbreak response, the transformative potential of Nigeria hosting the 5th Global High-Level Ministerial Conference on AMR in 2026, and the persistent infrastructural and financial constraints that undermine policy implementation. The analysis is structured around several core pillars: the institutional and policy framework for health security; specific disease outbreak responses (including Lassa fever, cholera, and meningitis); the escalating AMR crisis and surveillance efforts; the foundational state of Primary Health Care (PHC); and the critical influence of international partnerships and domestic financing. Key findings reveal a system demonstrating significant technical advancement and growing political commitment, yet one that remains critically hampered by severe underfunding, a dilapidated PHC infrastructure, a chronic healthcare workforce crisis, and fragmented multi-sectoral coordination under the One Health framework. The review synthesizes evidence from policy documents, peer-reviewed studies, and institutional reports to argue that Nigeria’s microbial disease prevention efforts are at an inflection point. The nation’s upcoming global leadership role on AMR presents an unprecedented opportunity to catalyze domestic reform and advocate for equitable global governance. Success hinges on transitioning from well-articulated national action plans to enforceable, adequately resourced, and community-embedded interventions that address the root socioeconomic and systemic drivers of disease vulnerability.

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