Decentralised Web Technologies: A Review with Implementation Case Study
Résumé
The World Wide Web is undergoing a paradigm shift from the centralised platforms of Web 2.0 to the user-sovereign Decentralised Web (Web 3.0). However, the current transitional phase, often termed Web 2.5, remains structurally vulnerable due to its persistent reliance on centralised infrastructure for frontend delivery and domain routing. Applying a structured selection methodology, this article presents a review of decentralised web technologies with an implementation case study, dissecting the ecosystem’s three foundational pillars: Decentralised Domain Name Systems (DNS), Hosting, and Storage. Across these three categories, we provide a comparative analysis of 20 prominent protocols, evaluating mechanisms ranging from overlay networks such as the Ethereum Name Service (ENS) to content-addressed systems such as the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and permanent cryptographic ledgers such as Arweave. Furthermore, to synthesise these theoretical pillars, the study investigates the emerging On-Chain Web paradigm through a detailed practical case study of the Massa DeWeb architecture. By analysing its distinct approach to natively embedding full website logic, naming registries, and data assets directly within the ledger to eliminate intermediary gateways, we demonstrate the functional viability of a fully decentralised, serverless application stack that effectively resolves the fragility of hybrid network architectures.
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