Valorization of bioinspired adhesives via enhanced graft copolymerization for biomedicals: recent challenges, implications and potential solutions

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Bioinspired adhesives, polymeric materials derived from renewable natural sources, offer sustainable and functional alternatives for bonding surfaces, especially in biomedical applications. While their use has fluctuated over the decades, rising environmental regulations and demands for biocompatible materials are renewing interest. In this review, we highlight recent advances in biomolecular adhesives and the pivotal role of graft copolymerization in enhancing their functional, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties. We focused on starch-based modifications, additive strategies, and nanofiller integration to address water resistance, viscosity stabilization, and adhesion enhancement. Key biomedical applications were examined alongside current engineering challenges and proposed solutions. This work provides a comprehensive framework for valorizing bioinspired adhesives to meet future clinical and environmental demands.

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