Application of nanocalcium materials in heavy metal-stressed soils: benefit, risk and biomonitoring for sustainable remediation - a review
Résumé
The intensification of agriculture, mining and industrialization has led to an increase in heavy metal contamination of soil with long-term risks to food safety and human health. Research has shown that bulk calcium materials relied on for their affordability and agronomic importance are constrained by heterogeneous soil distribution, slow reaction, risk of secondary contamination, and limited control over metal speciation. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled calcium transformation from a bulk chemical amendment to a reactivity-driven soil material. This review puts together evidence regarding the use of nanocalcium materials, how they differ from other amendments, the mechanism of heavy metal immobilization, implications for soil health and function, environmental and ecotoxicological risks, and the critical role of biomonitoring in sustainable remediation. Nanocalcium (nCa) materials, which include nano-calcium carbonate, nanocalcium oxide, and nanohydroxyapatite, differ from other types of remediation amendments. They exhibit enhanced surface area, localized alkalinization, intensified interfacial reactions, and accelerated soil and metal interactions. Evidence from laboratory, greenhouse, microcosm, column, and field studies suggests that nanocalcium materials intensify remediation processes by accelerating reactions, improving spatial reach, modifying biological surfaces, and enabling lower application doses. Several of the studies suggest that nanocalcium materials offer substantial remediation benefits, however, their mobility, remediation potential after application for a while, and reaction in every soil type have necessitated further investigation. The use of integrated biomonitoring, risk evaluation, and responsible deployment is important to ensure durable soil restoration and ecological safety.
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