Co-Occurrence of Ochratoxin a and Aflatoxins in Maize (Zea Mays) and Their Associated Health Risk Estimations in Some Selected Regions (Different Agro-ecological Zones) of Ghana

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Abstract This study aimed at estimating ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin (AF) levels above international (European Food Safety Authority, EFSA) and local (Ghana Standards Authority, GSA) standards as well as the health risks associated with the consumption of maize (n=180) sampled from six (6) regions (Upper East, Northern, Ashanti, Eastern, Central, and Western) representing the agro-ecological zones of Ghana. Ochratoxins, total aflatoxins (AFTotal), and the integral aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) were measured with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a Fluorescence detector. Risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Additives (JECFA). The general trend of occurrence of the aflatoxins was in decreasing order of AFB1> AFB2> AFG1>AFG2 and were in the ranges of 0-337µg/kg, 0-101.00µg/kg, 0-24.80 µg/kg, and 0-5.51 µg/kg respectively. The aggregated aflatoxins (AFTotal) were in the range of 0-441.02 µg/kg. While ochratoxins (OTA) levels ranged between 0-97.51 µg/kg. There were significant (p<0.05) differences observed in all categories of the tested samples. Out of the 180 samples analyzed for total aflatoxins (AFTotal), 131/180 tested positive and 127 (70.50%) exceeded the limits of EFSA and ranged 4.27-441.02 µg/kg. While for GSA, 116 (64.44%) of samples exceeded this limit and ranged between 10.18-441.02µg/kg. For OTA, 103/180 tested positive and 94(52.22%) of samples between the range 4.00-97.51 µg/kg exceeded the tolerable limit of the EFSA, whereas 89 (49.44%) and were in the range of 3.30-97.51 µg/kg exceeded the limits of GSA. Risk assessment values for total aflatoxins (AFTotal) ranged between 50-1150 ng/Kg.BW/day, 0.4-6.67, 0-0.0323 ng aflatoxins kg−1bwday−1 and 1.62-37.15 for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), Average Potency, and Cancer Risks respectively. Likewise, ochratoxin (OTA) values were in the ranges of 8.6x10-3-450 ng/Kg.bw/day, 0.05-2059.97, 0-0.0323 ng ochratoxins kg−1bwday−1 and 2.78x10-4-14.54. It was deduced that the consumption of maize posed adverse health effects on all age categories of people from some of the locations studied because all calculated MOE values were less than 10,000 respectively for aflatoxins and ochratoxins.

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