Global prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella species in milk and dairy products: a 25-year systematic review and meta-analysis

Résumé

Infections caused by Salmonella spp. pose a significant public health challenge, as they are among the most reported foodborne illnesses. This study investigated the global prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. in milk and dairy products based on available published data covering the period 2000–2025. Following the criteria of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this study was conducted. The Cochrane Q test and I 2 test statistics, which are based on the random effects model, were used to evaluate study heterogeneity. We examined the pooled prevalence of Salmonella spp. in milk and dairy products using comprehensive meta-analysis software v4.0. A total of 53 studies containing a total of 13879 samples and 1512 Salmonella spp. from 17 countries and 5 continents were included in this study. United States exhibited the highest pooled prevalence for Salmonella spp. at 17.8% (95% CI: 11.1 – 27.4), while Egypt had the lowest at 3.5% (95% CI: 0.8 – 13.2),. The overall pooled prevalence was 8.9% (95% CI: 0.070 – 0.112). South America had the highest pooled prevalence at 24% (95% CI: 13.6 – 41.1), and the lowest was observed for Africa at 7.5% (95% CI: 4.9 – 9.3). Cotrimoxazole was significantly higher with a polled prevalence of 93.6% (95% CI: 59.8 – 99.3) and while the pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella spp. was estimated to be 4.3% (95% CI: 2.8 – 6.5). This systematic review and meta-analysis underscore the persistent public health risk posed by Salmonella spp. contamination in the global dairy supply chain. These results highlight the urgent need for stringent food safety protocols and harmonized antimicrobial stewardship within the dairy industry to mitigate the spread of resistant Salmonella strains from livestock to humans.

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