Public Policy and Microbial Water Quality Management in Nigerian Communities: Comprehensive Review

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This comprehensive review examines the critical nexus between public policy and microbial water quality management in Nigerian communities. Nigeria faces a profound challenge in providing safe drinking water, with 60 million people lacking access to basic drinking water and 80 million without improved sanitation facilities as of 2018. The review synthesizes evidence from recent studies documenting widespread microbial contamination across multiple water sources, including household wells, boreholes, surface waters, and commercially packaged sachet water. Fecal pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella, are routinely present in water supplies, posing significant public health risks and contributing to Nigeria's disproportionate burden of waterborne diseases.The review identifies systemic failures in water governance, including fragmented institutional structures, inadequate policy implementation, insufficient funding, and weak regulatory enforcement, as primary drivers of the water quality crisis. These challenges are compounded by rapid urbanization, climate change impacts, population growth pressures, and socioeconomic inequalities that disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. The analysis proposes an integrated framework for microbial water quality management that emphasizes community engagement, strengthened governance structures, sustainable financing mechanisms, and innovative technological solutions aligned with Nigeria's Sustainable Development Goal 6 commitments. The recommendations aim to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners working toward achieving universal access to safe water and improved public health outcomes in Nigerian communities by 2030.

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