Bridging Knowledge Gaps in Firearm Evidence Analysis: Identification, Individualisation, and Operational Challenges in Criminal Investigations

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Firearm evidence plays a critical role in criminal investigations, yet gaps in understanding its forensic principles and applications can compromise evidentiary integrity and case outcomes. This study addresses the problem of limited conceptual clarity and operational knowledge among investigative personnel regarding identification, individualisation, and the use of firearm evidence in murder investigations. The study aimed to assess current knowledge, awareness of emerging forensic technologies, and challenges affecting evidence handling. This study employed a qualitative research approach, utilising semi-structured interviews with 39 participants, including detectives, Local Criminal Record Centre (LCRC) officials, and ballistics experts within the South African Police Service. Data were analysed thematically to identify patterns and gaps in practice. The findings revealed significant variation across roles. Detectives and LCRC officials often conflated identification and individualisation or interpreted them narrowly, while ballistics experts demonstrated greater familiarity with comparative analysis and advanced applications. Although participants recognised the role of firearm evidence in linking weapons to crime scenes and suspects, few mentioned critical aspects such as firearm operability testing or trigger-pressure assessment. Awareness of emerging technologies, including IBIS and digital imaging, was limited outside ballistic units, and participants reported persistent challenges such as damaged bullets, environmental degradation, and lack of reference firearms. The study concludes that structured training programmes, the integration of modern forensic technologies, and standardised protocols are essential for improving investigative accuracy and evidentiary reliability. These measures will align local practices with international standards and strengthen the role of firearm evidence in achieving successful prosecutions. Future research should evaluate the impact of training interventions and explore strategies for incorporating automated ballistic systems into routine workflows.

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