Peer Review Report For: The Nexus between Political Instability and Human Trafficking: An Urgent Call for Action [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]

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Background Political instability encompasses a variety of factors that profoundly impact socio-political and economic conditions, potentially exacerbating human trafficking. This study aims to investigate the dynamic relationship between political instability and human trafficking by analyzing a panel dataset spanning 2003-2023. Method Employing a dynamic fixed-effect model and system GMM, the findings revealed that how various dimensions of political instability influence human trafficking. Results severe restrictions on civil liberties- particularly the lack of freedom of expression, media freedom, and freedom of association - are strongly associated with higher trafficking rates. Conclusion The absence of these freedoms creates an environment where traffickers can exploit individuals more easily. Additionally, demographic and economic factors, population growth and high unemployment, are positively related with human trafficking, highlighting economic vulnerability as a key driver. As a result, strengthening civil liberties, media freedom, and freedom of association to reduce human trafficking through enhancing economic and non-economic ambitions and showing hope in their lives.

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