Holy Spirit Online: Exploring the New Wave of E-Mega Church Concept and its Implications on Mission, Discipleship and E-Church Economy
Résumé
E-megachurches represent a fundamental transformation in how religious communities form and function, moving from geographically bounded physical congregations to digitally mediated networks that transcend traditional spatial limitations. In this article, I argue that while the megachurch concept has historical roots in modern Pentecostal and Charismatic movements, advent of digital technology provided platforms for their transformation in scale and scope. Drawing on Christopher Helland’s distinction between “religion-online” and “online-religion,” I develop a typology of e-megachurch models and discuss how different digital platforms are shaping religious practice, and authority structures in virtual contexts. The article offers a missiological perspective of the e-megachurch phenomenon by exploring its theological foundations, implications for mission, and key challenges. In addition, it examines the financial dimension of e-megachurches, highlighting their diverse funding strategies and involvement in the broader religious economy. The study employs a conceptual and typological approach, supported by a systematic review of relevant literature and document analysis.
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