Molecular Investigation for Matrix Gene of Newcastle Disease Virus in Non-vaccinated Village Chickens in Central Rift Valley of Oromia, Ethiopia

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Abstract Background Newcastle disease (ND) is a major infectious disease of poultry caused by a virulent strain of Avian Paramyxovirus – 1. It is a major threat to the poultry industry in many countries of the world including Ethiopia. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is an enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus with a helical morphology whose genome has six open reading frames (ORF) which encode for the following proteins: nucleoprotein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). The aim of this study was to detect matrix gene (M-gene), for NDV by molecular tools and identify its risk factors in non-vaccinated village chicken in Central Rift Valley of Oromia, Ethiopia.Methods A total of 84 pooled in five swab samples from 420 cloacal and tracheal chickens were sampled and RNA was extracted from the 84 pooled samples to carry out real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) along with the quantification was also done for 10 positive qRT-PCR samples that were having high concentration of viral load Ct. value.Results Out of the 84 pools of five swab samples tested for M-gene using qRT-PCR, 16.7% (14/84) samples were detected which included 13 positives and 1 negative for NDV. The prevalence of ND in males was found to be 16.10% and that in females was 14.67%. Although the overall ND prevalence was 15.48% (13/84), the highest score was recorded in Adama, 42.86% (6/14), and no positive case was detected in Bote and Bishoftu (p <0.05) while intermediate scores were obtained from Batu, Arsi-negelle and Shashemene.Conclusions In general, the present study provides important information on the epidemiology of NDV based on M-gene assay in Central Rift Valley of Oromia, Ethiopia, and highlights the importance of implementing surveillances and biosecurity practices in live poultry markets and village chickens.

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