The right to health in Africa: normative foundations and state accountability
Résumé
Abstract The right to health is a fundamental human right recognized under international and regional human rights law, yet its realization in Africa remains uneven despite robust normative frameworks. This article examines the normative foundations of the right to health in Africa and critically assesses state accountability mechanisms for its implementation. Drawing on international instruments such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and regional frameworks including the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the study analyzes the scope and content of state obligations, particularly through the lens of the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality (AAAQ) framework. Using a doctrinal and comparative methodology, the article evaluates legal, institutional, and international accountability mechanisms, with particular attention to the jurisprudence of African courts and oversight bodies. Comparative case studies of South Africa, Uganda, and Ethiopia illustrate diverse national approaches to realizing the right to health, highlighting the roles of judicial enforcement, policy-driven reform, and civil society advocacy. The findings reveal persistent gaps between normative recognition and practical implementation, driven by resource constraints, governance challenges, and weak enforcement. The article concludes that strengthening legal frameworks, institutional capacity, and participatory accountability mechanisms is essential to ensure the effective enjoyment of the right to health in Africa.
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