Enhancing access and mitigating challenges of agricultural extension services among small-scale farmers in Asa local government area, Kwara state, Nigeria

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Agricultural extension services are essential for helping small-scale farmers in Nigeria increase productivity and promote sustainable farming; yet structural and institutional barriers limit their utilization. This study examined how small-scale farmers in Asa Local Government Area (LGA), Kwara State access agricultural extension services and the specific challenges they face. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining structured questionnaires administered to 120 randomly selected farmers with qualitative semi-structured interviews analyzed through thematic analysis. Descriptive statistics addressed the study objectives while a regression model tested the hypothesis on socioeconomic determinants of access. Utilization of extension services remains low despite their availability. Farmers rely predominantly on radio, television, and cooperatives for agricultural information. Advisory services and market information were most accessed, while training programs and workshops were least utilized. All reported outcomes, including improved market access and higher productivity, are farmer self-reports and represent perceived rather than objectively measured benefits. Inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, and limited training are the dominant barriers. Educational level and farm size significantly and positively predict access to extension services. Strengthening financial support, improving rural infrastructure, tailoring training programs, and reinforcing cooperative networks are critical for advancing sustainable agricultural development in rural Nigeria.

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