Global variations and implications of microbiome communities in Ixodidae ticks: a systematic review and quality assessment

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Introduction Ticks are blood-feeding arthropods that infest a wide range of terrestrial vertebrates and serve as important vectors of disease. While primary pathogens have received substantial attention, the broader microbial communities harbored by ticks remain comparatively understudied. Methods This systematic review synthesizes global literature on bacterial communities associated with Ixodidae tick species, focusing on studies utilizing Illumina-based sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 hypervariable region. A systematic literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection databases for articles published between January 2011 to July 2024, yielding 68 eligible selected articles. Results The included studies covered tick genera Amblyomma , Bothriocroton , Dermacentor , Haemaphysalis , Hyalomma , Ixodes and Rhipicephalus across 23 countries. Overall, Ixodidae ticks exhibited a limited core microbiota dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria independent of tick species, sex, host, geographic region and tissue type. Taxonomic composition varied across studies, with Coxiella and Rickettsia consistently reported as dominant endosymbionts. Discussion Microbial diversity differed according to tick species, sex, developmental stage, feeding status and tick organ, whereas the effects of geographic location and pathogen infection status were inconsistent across studies. Interpretation of temporal changes remains limited due to the paucity of longitudinal studies. We herein integrated global findings of Ixodidae microbial composition and the key factors influencing bacterial richness and diversity.

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