Systematic identification of P48 as an advantageous diagnostic protein for Mycoplasma bovis infections: A literature survey and computational insight

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Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a significant pathogen in cattle that causes respiratory disease, mastitis, and arthritis, leading to substantial economic losses globally. Early detection of M. bovis is crucial for its effective management because of its immune evasion strategies and resistance to antimicrobial therapies. In this review, we systematically assessed the diagnostic potential of P48 protein, an immunodominant lipoprotein of M. bovis , along with other potential biomarkers. The aim was to provide a comprehensive understanding of P48’s diagnostic utility through both literature analysis and computational insights. A literature search across major databases identified 243 relevant articles, 20 of which were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. These studies consistently highlight P48’s diagnostic value due to its stability, immunodominance, and strong antibody response in infected cattle. In addition, a molecular analysis using the Expasy ProtParam tool reveals that P48 exhibits favorable properties for diagnostics, including a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 7.14, an instability index of 23.64 (classifying it as stable), and an aliphatic index of 83.40, indicating significant thermostability. The review also considers other diagnostic proteins, such as Variable Surface Proteins (VSPs), MbovP proteins, and MilA, although their variable nature and lesser validation across assays limit their broader application. In contrast, P48 is a reliable and specific marker, particularly in serological assays, for the early and accurate detection of M. bovis infections. This study confirms P48’s diagnostic efficacy over other biomarkers, and advocates its inclusion in diagnostic protocols.

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