Evaluation of crystal violet adsorption onto phosphorylated microcrystalline cellulose and phosphorylated date seeds powder: isotherms, kinetics, mechanisms, and thermodynamics
Résumé
Abstract The discharge of synthetic dyes into aquatic environments remains a major environmental challenge, necessitating the development of sustainable and efficient adsorbents for wastewater treatment. This study presents a novel comparative analysis of Phosphorylated Microcrystalline Cellulose (PMCC) and Phosphorylated Date Seeds Powder (PDSP) as adsorbents for CV removal from aqueous solutions. Through isotherm modeling (Langmuir, Freundlich, Hill, Sips), kinetic studies (Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Elovich), and thermodynamic profiling (30–80 °C), the adsorption performance, mechanisms, and feasibility of both materials were systematically evaluated. Characterization using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and BET analyses confirms successful phosphorylation and the development of additional surface functionalities and porosity. The results showed that both adsorbents exhibited high affinity towards CV, with maximum adsorption capacities of 104.4 mg/g and 106.5 mg/g for PDSP and PMCC, respectively. The adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, while the adsorption data were best described by the Hill isotherm and Pseudo-Second-Order kinetic model, indicating surface heterogeneity and the involvement of surface interactions during dye adsorption. Optimal CV uptake occurred at pH 8, with PDSP demonstrating faster adsorption kinetics. The enhanced adsorption performance was attributed to the presence of phosphate and hydroxyl groups, which promoted electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding with CV molecules. Although both adsorbents demonstrated excellent adsorption performance, PMCC and PDSP exhibited high capacity under near-neutral pH and ambient conditions. In addition, PDSP offers an additional sustainability advantage as an abundant agricultural by-product. These findings highlight the potential of phosphorylated cellulosic materials as low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbents for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.
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