Multidrug-Resistance Enterobacteriaceae and Virulence Determinants of Escherichia coli Isolates from Live-Bird Market Sources in Two African Regions (Kumasi (Ghana) and Yaoundé (Cameroon))

Résumé

Background: The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern, mostly driven by the overuse of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine. Poultry, especially in live bird markets, plays a key role in spreading multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, allowing resistance genes to transfer between animals, humans, and the environment. Aim: This study investigated the antibiogram of Enterobacteriaceae and multidrug-resistant Escherichiacoli from live-bird markets in Kumasi, Ghana, and Yaoundé, Cameroon, analyzing cloacal swabs to assess virulence determinants, antibiotic resistance patterns, and public health implications. Methods: Standard microbiological methods were employed to identify organisms and antimicrobial resistance was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was tested, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on eight selected ESBL E. coli isolates (four from each region) to identify resistance genes, virulence factors, and genetic relationships. Results: A total of 58isolates were recovered in Yaoundé and 81 in Kumasi, with E. coli,(64.02%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, (17.27%) and Proteus mirabilis (10.07%) being the most common. About 63.9% and 48.15% of isolates were MDR in Yaounde and Kumasi respectively. There was no statistical difference between the MDR producing strains from both countries. There was statistical difference between the ESBL producing isolates from Yaounde ( 56.9%) and Kumasi (33.33%),p < 0.05.25.9 % of the isolates were both MDRs and ESBL producers.ss. WGS, was done for 8 E. coli isolates (4 from each region). AMR genes such as blaEC, TEM, Mar, and qnrB, along with virulence genes like yersiniabactin, colicin V, and toxin GhoT were identified. One Kumasi isolate NGWE-MK76_S30, clustered around E. coli O101:H4 str. 2011c-3493 (GCF_000299455.1) which was associated with the German outbreak in 2011. Conclusion: These findings highlight poultry as a major source of AMR, and a possible source of outbreak, emphasizing the need for stricter antibiotic regulations, better surveillance, stronger biosecurity and hygienic measures. Clustering around the German isolate is a wakeup call as the region may be at risk of an outbreak. Also the high prevalence of ESBLs and MDRs is a public health concern in these regions. The genomic evidence presented also shows the necessity for continuous monitoring and putting in place intervention strategies to curb the spread of resistant bacteria and safeguard public health.

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