Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases of Escherichia coli isolates from Raw Meat in Greater Accra Region, Ghana

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Abstract Background Typically, raw meat can be contaminated with antimicrobial resistant pathogens at unhygienic slaughter and sale points. Consumption of meat contaminated with antimicrobial resistant E. coli is associated with grave health care consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of raw meat, the antimicrobial susceptibility and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from raw meat.Methods We collected 205 meat samples from beef (n=81), chevon (n=108) and mutton (n=16) at three slaughter sites in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. We performed Total Plate Counts (TPC) and Total Coliform Counts (TCC) and isolated E. coli using standard bacteriological methods. Presumptive isolates were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). We assessed the susceptibility to 11 antibiotics using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and assessed ESBL production using the combination disk test. PCR amplification of associated resistant genes bla TEM, bla SHV, and bla CTX-M was performed for presumptive ESBL isolates.Results Total Plate Counts exceeded the acceptable limit of 5.0 log CFU/ cm 2 in 60.5% (124/205) of raw meat samples. Total Coliform Counts in 70.7% (145/205) of samples were in excess of the acceptable limit of 2.5 log CFU/cm 2 . E. coli was detected in about half of raw meat samples (48%), ranging from 9.5% -79.0% among the slaughter sites. Isolates were susceptible to meropenem (100%), ceftriaxone (99%), cefotaxime (98%), chloramphenicol (97%), gentamycin (97%), ciprofloxacin (92%) and amikacin (92%), but resistant to ampicillin (57%), tetracycline (45%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (21%) and cefuroxime (17%). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was identified in 22% of the isolates. We detected the bla TEM gene in 4% (4/98) of E. coli isolates in this study.Conclusion The levels of microbial contamination of raw meat in this study were unacceptable. Meat handlers and consumers are at risk of foodborne infections from E. coli including ESBL producing E. coli that are resistant to most antibiotics in use. We recommend an enhanced surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in food products for the early detection of emerging resistant bacteria species in the food chain.

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