Associated Risk Factors of Human Papillomavirus infection and Cervical Dysplasia among Women in Kaduna State Nigeria

Résumé

Abstract Cervical dysplasia (CD) is precancerous condition in which healthy cells on the cervix undergo some abnormal changes. The abnormal cells are not cancerous, but can develop into cancer if not discovered early and treated. About 250,000 to 1 million women in the U.S. get diagnosed with CD each year. The main cause of CD is human papillomavirus virus (HPV) which spreads through sexual contact. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HPV causes more than 9 out of 10 cervical cancers. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors for HPV and CD among apparently healthy women in Kaduna State, Nigeria. This is a cross – sectional study involved five hundred and fifteen consented women of reproductive age across the three Senatorial zones of Kaduna State between September 2019 and March 2022. Using structured questionnaires which sought information on their socio-demographic characteristics, and lifestyle behavior including sexual history, the cervical smears were taken using the Liquid Base Cytology technique for detecting HPV using Polymerase Chain Reaction and the studied by a cytologist adopting the Bethesda methods. The results revealed the prevalence of HPV and cervical dysplasia in the study population to be 11.8% and 6.4% respectively. The main risk factor for HPV infection was age (P=0.043). Risk factors for CD include age (P= 0.001), Socio economic class (P=0.009), and alcohol consumption (P =0.0049). Parity of more than four is a risk factors for both HPV infection (P= 0.023) and CD (P= 0.025).The results were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Cross‑tabulation was used to explore statistical associations between categorical variables. Variables were summarized using frequency distribution, means, proportions, and findings were presented in tables and pie charts. Chi‑square statistic was used to assess the association between categorical variables. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The prevalence of HPV and CD in asymptomatic women among the study population is 11.8% and 6.4% respectively. Risk factors for HPV infection and CD were found to be significant in this study were parity of more than 4 (P=0.023) and age (P= 0.01). Other risk factors studied include level of education, marital status, types of marriage use of hormonal contraceptives, menarche alcohol consumption and smoking but were not statistically significant in this study.

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