A Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol with Dynamic Round-Length for Wireless Sensor Networks

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Due to resource constraints, especially limited energy and network dynamics, the design and implementation of efficient and reliable routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become a challenging task. Several routing protocols, particularly cluster-based ones, have been developed with the potential to significantly increase network lifetime. However, these protocols still have drawbacks, such as reliance on probabilistic and centralized clustering mechanisms, single-hop communication within clusters, periodic re-clustering, and static round lengths. To address these issues, this paper presents the Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol with a Dynamic Round Length (DEECRP-DRL) for WSNs. To deal with the hotspot problem, a clustering fitness function is defined to determine the optimal Cluster Heads (CHs) and to form unequal clusters based on residual energy, intra-cluster distance, and inter-cluster distance metrics. Meanwhile, a routing fitness function is used to select the best relay nodes for efficient multi-hop data routing. The round duration is dynamically calculated based on the residual energy of CHs to minimize the overhead caused by the re-clustering process. The simulation results using OMNeT++ show that DEECRP-DRL outperforms existing algorithms across various scenarios, including the impact of Base Station (BS) location and network scalability.

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