Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in raw beef from abattoir and retailer shops in Nairobi, Kenya

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Microbiological safety of beef meat is critical for public health, particularly due to the rising concern of antimicrobial resistance (AM) in foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in raw beef meat from abattoir and butcher shops and assess the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates. A total of 106 beef cuts were sampled from abattoirs and randomly selected butcheries from Dagoretti sub-County, Nairobi. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined in fifty E. coli isolates and seventeen presumptive Salmonella spp. isolates using the disk diffusion method. Antibiotic resistant genes were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli were identified by 16S rRNA sequences. The E. coli and Salmonella isolates were 100% ( n = 50 and n = 17, respectively) resistant to Ampicillin/cloxacillin, 62% ( n = 31) and 82% ( n = 14) resistant to Tetracycline, 42% ( n = 21) and 47% ( n = 8) resistant to Co-trimoxozole, 44% ( n = 22) and 58.8% ( n = 10) resistant to Erythromycin, 20% ( n = 10) and 23.5% ( n = 4) resistant to Nalidixic acid, 10% ( n = 5) and 23.5% ( n = 4) resistant to Chloramphenicol and 12% ( n = 6) and 23.5% ( n = 4) resistant to Kanamycin, respectively. Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from beef had high antimicrobial resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Polymerase chain amplification revealed that all the tesed E. coli and Salmonella isolates carried at least two of the screened antibiotic-resistant genes, with bla TEM and bla CMY –2 present in all of them. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the eight MDR E. coli isolates were similar to E. coli strains isolated in other countries which were pathogenic E. coli . The study highlights significant antimicrobial resistance and the presence of antibiotic resistant genes in E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates from raw beef meat. Overall, the outcome of this study regarding antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and Salmonella in beef meat samples presents a significant risk to human and animal health.

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