Measuring the impact of disability on telehealth self-efficacy in five Arab countries: a comparative study in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries

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Introduction: This study investigated the factors influencing self-efficacy perceptions of telehealth services, focusing on individuals with disabilities. A comparison was made between Saudi Arabia and four Arab countries: Egypt, Jordan, Libya, and Syria. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, collecting data through anonymous online questionnaires from a total of 2,065 participants, including 297 individuals with disabilities. Data analysis was conducted using multilevel logistic regression models for the overall sample and a single-level logistic model for disabled individuals. Self-efficacy, the dependent variable, is a binary variable indicating a strong or weak belief in the ability to use telehealth services, while the independent variables include demographic, health-related factors, internet and telehealth usage patterns, and telehealth-related indices. Results: The most significant variables influencing participants' perceptions of self-efficacy in using telehealth services were age, expected ease of use, external influence, prior experience with telehealth, availability of technical support, and concerns about technology. In contrast, beliefs about expected obstacles, gender, and chronic disease status were not found to be significant factors. Conclusion: The study highlights the need to enhance access to telehealth services by improving technological infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. Providing technical support, training, and awareness programs for individuals with disabilities can strengthen their confidence in using these services, especially in countries with lower self-efficacy, such as Libya and Syria.

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