Profile and outcome of multiple myeloma with and without HIV treated at a tertiary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

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OBJECTIVES: To profile the outcome of multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated at a South African tertiary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and to compare MM in HIV-negative patients and MM in people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients with MM was conducted over 5 years (2015-2020). Patient demographics, presenting complaints, symptom duration, disease stage, molecular profile, treatment, and survival data were captured. Statistical analysis was conducted using R Statistical software of the R Core Team, 2020, version 3.6.3. RESULTS: 135 patients; 79% (n = 106) HIV-negative and 21% (n = 29) PLWH were investigated. 54% (n = 74) females and 57% (n = 76) 51-70-year-olds. The 40-50-year-old patient group had a significantly higher proportion of PLWH (p = 0.032). Pathological fractures were the commonest presenting complaint, 47% (n = 57 and 49% (n = 49) had International Staging System, stage III disease. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) MM profiling was completed in 58% (n = 78). Positivity for del 11q22 was found in 23.7% (n = 14) with significantly more HIV-negative patients having the mutation (p = 0.027). Overall, 42.2% (n = 57) achieved 2-year overall survival (OS). There were no significant differences in treatment (p = 0.926) and 2-year survival outcome (p = 0.792) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The incidence of HIV in newly diagnosed MM patients in KZN was increasing. KZN patient profile differed from other reports by showing female predominance but was similar in advanced-stage presentation and bone fracture predominance. Statistically significant differences between the HIV-negative patients and PLWH were observed in age distribution and mutational landscape. Further studies are required in this area.

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