Anaerobic co-digestion of jackfruit waste with cow dung and poultry droppings: evaluating the biogas production and agricultural re-use potential of the digestates

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Abstract Jackfruit waste, though abundant in tropical regions, is underutilized due to its low biodegradability, limiting its potential for bioenergy production. This study investigated the impact of co-digesting jackfruit (JF) waste with cow dung (CW) and poultry manure (PM) on biogas production and digestate quality for use as fertilizer. Anaerobic co-digestion was conducted at 37 °C using a water bath, with five treatments: 75% JF:25% PM, 50% JF:50% PM, 75% JF:25% CW, 50% JF:50% CW, and 100% JF (control), each replicated three times. Biogas production was measured using the water displacement method, while digestate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents were analyzed using calorimetric, modified Olsen-P, and flame photometric methods, respectively. Results showed that the 75% JF:25% PM mixture achieved the highest biogas yield (373.0 mL/gVS), followed by 50% JF:50% PM (339.3 mL/gVS), while 100% JF produced significantly less (82.3 mL/gVS). The 50% JF:50% PM digestate had the highest nutrient content, with N, P, and K levels of 45.44, 28.42, and 32.57 g/kg, respectively, all significantly higher than the 100% JF digestate ( p ≤ 0.05). To meet the nitrogen requirement for maize (50 kg N ha −1 ), 1.089 t of 50% JF:50% PM digestate per hectare would be needed, generating 43.2 m 3 of biogas, equivalent to 864 MJ of energy, replacing 26.78 t of firewood. The study concludes that co-digesting jackfruit waste with poultry manure and cow dung enhances biogas yield and digestate quality, supporting sustainable waste management, renewable energy, and soil fertility. Adoption of co-digestion by farmers and biogas operators should be encouraged through policies and training. Future research should focus on efficient and cost-effective pre-treatment methods to improve jackfruit waste biodegradability and process efficiency.

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