Characterization and genotoxic effects of green synthesis zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by Punica granatum peel extract and its antimicrobial activity

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Abstract Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) mediated fruit peel extract is gaining importance due to its cost-effectiveness and ecofriendly. Herein, ZnO-NPs were synthesized by pomegranate peel extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized using SEM, TEM-SAID, FT-IR, XRD and particle size analysis. The results revealed that the ZnO-NPs was agglomerated spherical and hexagonal shapes with an average diameter of 20 to 40 nm and crystallinity formed. For multiple applications of ZnO-NPs, the antimicrobial activity showed significant inhibition against the pathogenic microbes used with 62.5 and 31.25 µg/ml of MIC for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria respectively, 125 and 250 µg/ml of MIC for Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Also ZnO-NPs showed antioxidant activity with IC50 = 240 and 250 µg/ml by DPPH and ABTS respectively. All concentrations of ZnO-NPs showed greatly significance for improved germination of barley seed and shoot height with the optimum concentration reach to 2 and 12 ppm of ZnO-NPs for both seed germination (90%) and shoot height (6.5) respectively, while the greatest root extension (6 cm) was observed at 2 ppm of ZnO-NPs. The mitotic index increased at lower nanoparticle concentrations and exposure times but declined considerably as the nanoparticle dose and exposure duration increased, until most concentrations reached 100% suppression after 12 hours with a variety of chromosomal abnormalities. Using a green synthetic strategy, the researchers were able to create efficient, eco-friendly, and simple multifunctional ZnO NPs, and in the process, they gained a deeper understanding of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of ZnO-NPs in plant cells.

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