A new model to improve the life cycle of products since early design phase.

Résumé

From a sustainable product design perspective, we propose a new multi-criteria decision support approach for the choice of an optimal scenario that aims to minimize environmental, social, and economic impacts. The model combines the system approach and the product approach from a life cycle perspective. It is structured around three significant levels, namely; the strategic, tactical and operational levels applied in the design of new products or services. Our contribution is distinguished by treating two issues. The first concerns the proposal of a mechanism that allows the generation of sustainable design scenarios that are consistent with organizations’ context.This latter is characterized by taking into account internal and external issues and stakeholders requirements. These scenarios are not limited to traditional technological or component choice options. In fact, they are considered value chain-oriented sustainable design strategies. To this end, we use strategic analysis tools such as SWOT, PESTEL, and 7S techniques to identify a multitude of criteria. These criteria form tactics to determine design alternatives by life cycle phase. Design alternatives are then combined to generate design scenarios that are not generic, but meaningful in the context of organizations. The second issue deals with the complexity of life cycle analysis methods and the uncertainty of data and experts’ judgments in order to select an optimal scenario satisfying numerous and often dependent criteria. To this end, we propose to implement a decision support system based on the modelling of environmental, social, and economic assessment for each scenario by life cycle phase. Hence, we calculate the impact indicators related to each assessment. The decision support system is based on control and influence criteria set by organizations as well as the Choquet integral for reducing the number of scenarios. The ANP (Analytic Network Process) method is then deployed to select the optimal design scenario. The validation of the model is tested on a real case study for a company designing, manufacturing, and distributing batteries for motorcycles. The application of the model has effectively generated significant strategic scenarios for the company. The adopted tactical variables are summarized in technology options (AGM, Gel), logistics options (Land transport/Sea transport), manufacturing site options (Tunisia/Tanzania) and distribution options (Local/Exports) with logistics sub-options.On the basis of simulations and impact calculations, we have established environmental, social and economic assessments of each scenario by highlighting the influence of options by scenario nd by phase of the life cycle. Among the most impacting scenarios, we have demonstrated that the choice of AGM technology, manufacturing in Tanzania and maritime logistics generate the most environmental impacts (affecting ecosystem quality and degrading human health) ,the most important social aspects (labor rights, community and governance) and significant costs. The most advantageous scenarios are those using Gel technology, manufacturing at theTunisian site and land transport. The resulting aspects have less impacts. However, the fourteen simulations showed that, although some scenarios are advantageous, they have different impacts per life cycle phase. Thus, the implementation of the fuzzy ANP and the Choquet integral has resolved interactions and dependencies between attributes and between phases of the product’s life cycle. The implementation of this method led to the choice of the optimal scenario while addressing uncertainties of experts’ judgments. The results obtained from this case study confirmed the relevance of the model to the company’s expectations and demonstrated its applicability and ability to minimize environmental, social and economic impacts since early critical design phase.

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